District Size And The Distribution Of Seats Essay Example for Free

District Size And The Distribution Of Seats Essay The size of the district or the district magnitude refers to the number of candidates to be elected from that district. Depending on this number of seats, they can either be referred to as single-member or multimember districts. A single member district has a single seat while the multimember districts have several seats with the minimum number being two; a two-member district. Electoral process formulas; plurality and majority formulas can be applied to both this type of districts while the proportional representation (PR) and the single non-transferable vote (SNTV) are applied to only multimember districts ranging from two-member districts to the whole nation where all the members of parliament are elected from (Lijphart, pg. 150). The district size has a strong effect on proportionality and the number of parties in two respects (Lijphart, pg. 50). Studies carried put by Horwill (1925) and, Taagepera and Shugarts (1989) have strongly supported this. First of all, it affects both plurality and PR systems but in a contradicting way. While increasing the size of the district will increase disproportionality by favoring the larger parties with the application of plurality and majority systems, it is vice versa with the PR systems as it leads to greater proportionally by favoring the smaller parties. A good example to illustrate this with regard to plurality is a contest between party A and B in an area where A enjoys a greater popularity than B. A is likely to take all the seats if the area is a three-member district which is unlikely to be the case if the area is divided into three single-member districts; B may be able to capture one. In most plurality cases, multimember districts are smaller than single-member districts with rare cases being seen in countries like Mauritius (Lijphart, pg. 151). It has twenty three-member districts and one two-member districts producing a total of sixty-two legislators. It should be noted that multimember districts have been on the decline due the fact that it increases disproportionality. However, it should be noted that in Mauritius that the three-member districts have improved another kind of proportionality by encouraging parties and party alliances to nominate ethnically and religiously balanced states (Lijphart, pg. 152) which has resulted in a better representation of the minority groups. Another point to note is that the size of the district varies greatly in the PR systems unlike in plurality and majority systems (Lijphart, pg. 152) making it impact greater on the proportionality being achieved. A party representing a 10 percent minority is likely to be successful in a ten-member district which may not be the case in a five-member district. A nationwide district therefore is optimal for a proportional translation of votes into seats (Lijphart, pg. 152) with Israel and Netherlands being the two examples with such PR systems. Two levels of districts are usually used by many of the list PR countries so as to enjoy the advantages of a closer voter-representative contact in small districts and the higher proportionality of large nationwide districts (Lijphart, pg. 152). Larger districts improve proportionality in the smaller districts as in the case of mixed member proportional (MMP) systems but they are less pronounced in the smaller multimember list PR districts than in the MMP single-member districts. Denmark, Norway and Sweden are examples of countries applying the two-tiered list PR systems with a nationwide district.

Othello the Outsider Essay -- Othello essays

Othello the Outsider   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's tragic hero, Othello, was a man whose gifts far outnumbered his weaknesses. On the battlefield, he was accomplished; in his profession, he was highly ranked; and, in his life, he was blissfully married. Despite these great advantages, however, Othello's destiny was ruin. Everything he had so carefully made for himself would be destroyed by one flaw: his fear of remaining an outsider. He feared this fate, yet he harped on it continuously, tearing himself between his identity as a foreigner and his desire to live as a normal citizen. Even so far back as his first public speech, perturbations caused by this internal unrest surfaced, and it was unrest that would ultimately lead to his horrible and complete undoing.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Othello's first speech is an address to the Venetian council, through which he introduces himself to the council members. Brabantio, Desdemona's angered father, has accused Othello of bewitching his daughter and stealing her away into marriage, and Othello is defending himself against these charges. To start his case, he begins thusly, "Most potent, grave, and reverend signors, / My very noble and approved good masters, / That I have ta'en away this old man's daughter, / It is most true; true I have married her" (page 19). Just by itself, this is perhaps the most poetic stanza of the play to this point, yet he continues it in short order with, "...Rude am I in my speech, / And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace" (page 19). Now, only seven lines into Othello's first public text, he has already made use of his outsider status. By humbling himself amidst spectacular oration, he is appearing non-threatening to the judges, while still making a great case. T. .. ... true; true I have married her. The very head and front of my offending Hath this extent, no more. Rude am I in my speech, And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace; For since these arms of mine had seven years' pith Till now some nine moons wasted, they have used Their dearest action in the tented field; And little of this great world can I speak More than pertains to feats of broils and battle; And therefore little shall I grace my cause In speaking for myself. Yet, by your gracious patience, I will a round unvarnished tale deliver Of my whole course of love - what drugs, what charms, What conjuration, and what mighty magic (For such proceeding I am charged withal) I won his daughter.    Works Consulted    The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice, William Shakespeare, I.III.76-94   

Wuthering Heights – Describe and comment on the violent incidents in the novel

Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte is one of the great classics of British literature. The book is set on the windswept moors of Yorkshire near a small village called Gimmerton. The basic plot is about how much disturbance and trouble a man named Heathcliff causes when the woman he loves marries another man. It is narrated by Mr Lockwood, a gentleman renting a house named Thrushcross Grange, and Nelly Dean who as his servant tells the story of what happened at his residence and another house 4 miles away. This essay will focus on the violence that is so regular in the novel. The first occasions of violence that we are notified of in the novel are the regular thrashings dosed out by the young Hindley Earnshaw to Heathcliff, when they where children. Heathcliff was not the brother of Hindley but a orphan brought back from Liverpool by Hindley's father. Heathcliff's origins are not made clear in the novel but some in the novel brand him a â€Å"Lascar†, hinting at Asian ascendance. He is often better treated than Mr Earnshaw's own children Catherine and Hindley, this becomes clear when Mr Earnshaw buys each of the boys a horse and Heathcliff is given the first choice and picks the most handsome leaving the other to Hindley. When his own handsome horse becomes lame Heathcliff orders Hindley to swap horses or he will tell Hindley's father of the three beatings he had received from Hindley earlier that week. Unsurprisingly Hindley swapped rather than have Heathcliff show his father the bruises that Hindley had left him. When later on in the novel Mr Earnshaw dies his house is left to Hindley. The new master returned with a wife and Heathcliff was treated as a servant instead of the family member he was and was sent out to work in Hindley's newly acquired fields without pay. Hindley also inflicts education on Catherine, which she loathes, and so a strong friendship grows between Cathy and Heathcliff. When the two rebelled against the â€Å"tyrant† and the two started dodging duties and sneaking out at night, Cathy was confined to her quarters every night and Heathcliff was beaten by another servant named Joseph on Hindley's orders as punishment. The next violent incident took place one evening when Cathy and Heathcliff sneaked out one evening to Thrushcross Grange to spy on the two Linton children Edgar and Isabella. They were spotted looking through one of the windows and a servants bulldog was let loose. The dog seized Cathy and she was held in its jaws until the Linton's came running with a servant. Heathcliff was cast away from Thrushcross Grange after they took him for a gipsy. Whereas Cathy was taken into the house and looked after for five weeks until the day before Christmas Eve. When Heathcliff returned home that evening alone Hindley was waiting up for him and he was told if his behaviour continued like it was and he kept leading Cathy astray he would be chucked out of the house for good. Hindley then ordered his servant, Joseph, to give Heathcliff the beating of his life. Things changed a great deal when Cathy came home a spoiled but beautiful young lady. On Christmas Eve the Linton family were invited up to Wuthering Heights for a party and Edgar Linton insulted Heathcliff who then threw hot applesauce all over Edgar in retaliation. This incident started a feud that lasted a lifetime. Shortly after Christmas, Edgar started to visit Cathy regularly at Wuthering Heights and it at this point became clear that the two would marry. On one such visit Cathy pinches her servant Nelly because she would not leave herself and Edgar alone in the room together. When Nelly screamed aloud Cathy denied touching her so Nelly showed the mark to Edgar, Cathy then slapped her servant on the cheek. When Cathy's much younger nephew Hareton cried out for his aunt to stop he was shaken until Edgar Linton intervened, only for him too to be slapped! When the whole raucous finally calmed down, Cathy and Edgar pronounced themselves lovers to the world. Before all this, Hindley's young wife had died during the birth of Hareton and since then Hindley had been a constant drunk. He became a danger to those around him and the servants had taken to hiding his small child from him incase he should cause him harm. On one evening Hindley came home drunk and caught Nelly in the act of hiding Hareton in a kitchen cupboard. He flew into a rage and held a fish knife to Nelly's throat and told her he would make her swallow it. But instead he turned his attention to his child and went to hold him, but when Hareton cried Hindley grew angry and carried the youngster upstairs and held him over the railing. Hindley dropped the child by accident but Heathcliff walked out at just the right time and caught Hareton before he hit the floor. The other violence in the novel occurs in the form of two fights when Heathcliff is a grown man and returns to Wuthering Heights a rich man after three years away. Heathcliff ran away after hearing Cathy, who he loved, was to marry his foe Edgar Linton. When on his return he goes to see Cathy in Thrushcross Grange and will not leave when Edgar tells him to, Edgar jumps from his chair and strikes him on the throat then summons his servants to force him out. The other occurs one eve in Wuthering Heights where Heathcliff is lodging with Hindley. One evening Hindley aspires to kill Heathcliff with the aid of Isabella Edgar's sister and Heathcliff's unhappy bride. When she refused to be a part of it Hindley decided to carry out his plan alone, so when Heathcliff came home that night Isabella would not let her husband in for fear of him getting killed. When Hindley tried to strike Heathcliff from a window in his attempt at murder he missed and Heathcliff smashed the glass pane and knocked Hindley to the ground he then stamped on him severely before ordering the servants and his wife to attend to the beaten man. The violent incidents described in Wuthering Heights are all inter entwined with most in some shape or form involving the very vicious and vengeful Heathcliff.

An Example Of A Hardware - 1456 Words

An example of a Hardware is a computer, which can be cheap and expensive. However, it is quicker to do things and it saves time and there are more advantages because the staff can do the tasks online previously stated as, well, as save the work and continue to do the work the next day and ensure that the work isn t lost by saving it on the computer and memory stick. Although, if it was handwritten it would be time consuming and it could be easily lost. The prices can vary, but the prices of a computer is up to  £600 and  £1,200. However, there will be discounts for businesses mainly and the issue will be solved. Softwares such as Adobe and Microsoft normally cost  £400 a year altogether, but this means that all the users will have access, which is worth it normally it would cost an individual  £400. Meeting the user needs would mean assess the user s skills and experience, and determine the user s desktop client platform. The facilities to include in the website, rotating photos, which would make the website stand out and appeal to the customers. They would want to look at the images interacts with the visitors. Also, when a web page first loads, a creative Fly-in can catch the eye of the visitor. Moreover, most people hate pop-ups, as they can be aggravating. However, if they are kept small, unobtrusive, and only pop up once in 24 hours. Today, there are many Pop-up blockers but we create pop-ups that are unstoppable, and therefore, when used with tact, can beShow MoreRelatedA Future in Computer Hardware Engineering Essay examples922 Words   |  4 PagesA Future in Computer Hardware Engineering Computer Hardware Engineering is something that sparked my interest when I was younger. I was very young when I was first introduced to computers and consoles and such. It mainly started when I was very young and my older brother showed me video games, on systems like the Gameboy. 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