Marketing Principles Essay - 2750 Words

Marketing Principles (Essay Sample) Content: Marketing principles utilized by organizations before engaging in international MarketingBy:To:Date:ContentsTOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc387918425 \h 32.Findings PAGEREF _Toc387918426 \h 32.1.Market Entry Strategies PAGEREF _Toc387918427 \h 32.2.PESTLE and SWOT Analysis PAGEREF _Toc387918428 \h 52.3.Key Marketing Principles PAGEREF _Toc387918429 \h 72.3.1.Pricing PAGEREF _Toc387918430 \h 72.3.2.Market mix PAGEREF _Toc387918431 \h 72.3.3.Product planning and development PAGEREF _Toc387918432 \h 82.3.4.Market segmentation PAGEREF _Toc387918433 \h 92.4.UK clothing sector PAGEREF _Toc387918434 \h 102.5.Decision making PAGEREF _Toc387918435 \h 113.Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc387918436 \h 124.Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc387918437 \h 125.References PAGEREF _Toc387918438 \h 14 1 IntroductionMarketers focus on desires and wants of individuals, groups and societies. They focus on individual demand, market demand and the trend in society. Nowadays companies are es tablishing their businesses in the oversea markets. Mathur (2012) points out that international marketing involves a firm-level marketing practices across the border and aims at identifying market targets, entry mode strategies, marketing mix, and making the right decisions to compete well in global markets. Globalisation has progressed considerably in the past decade, due to recent communication advancement, improved transportation, few legal restrictions and political stability in many parts of the globe which have opened markets to international trade and finance. Various companies have been successful in global marketing such as Bosideng, which is a Chinese company which creates men's clothing and down wear. This report focuses on various market entry strategies, marketing principles and strategic decisions made by most companies which have been successful in international marketing like Bosideng. 2 Findings 1 Market Entry StrategiesOne of the market entry strategies employed by companies which want to engage in international marketing is exporting. Exporting to a foreign market is a strategy various organizations employ for some of their markets (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992). Since many countries produce enough goods to satisfy their local population, exporting enables a company to manufacture its products for several markets in various countries and to obtain economies of large scale production. Apart from direct exporting, a company can contact foreign markets via a domestically located intermediary and this is called indirect exporting. Licensing is another market entry strategy. Licensing may offer the foreign firm access to brands, trade secrets or patents linked with products manufactured (Young et al., 1989). Under licensing, a company gives the right to a patent to another organization for a fee or a royalty. When a company uses licensing as a market entry strategy, it can gain market presence without any equity investment. As a result the foreig n company gains the right to exploit the patent in either a restricted or an unrestricted way (Buckley and Casson, 1998).On the other hand, franchising is another foreign market entry strategy. It is a special form of licensing in that the franchiser makes the whole marketing program available to the company given the patent including the brand name, products, logo and method of operations (Jain, 1989). Generally a franchise agreement is more inclusive than a normal licensing agreement in as much as the whole operation of the franchisee is given. It differs from licensing mainly in the depth and range of quality controls used on all phases of the franchisee`s operations. Other foreign market entry strategies include ownership methods such either ownership in a joint venture or in a strategic alliance. In a joint venture, an investing firm owns a given percentage of the foreign organization, allowing the investing organization to have a say in the management decisions of the foreign firm (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992). Participation of the shareholders in the venture may differ and some companies may allow either a minority or majority position of partners. Usually, international companies prefer wholly owned subsidiaries to avoid control by shareholders. Once a joint venture partner becomes part of the operation, the international organization can no longer function on its own, and this sometimes may lead to ineffectiveness and wrangles over responsibility for the joint venture.In a strategic alliance, two entire firms pool their resources together in a cooperation that goes beyond the restrictions of a joint venture. Characteristically, alliances involve a distribution access, production technology or technology transfers with each partner bringing in a different element to the business enterprise. Alliances can either be technology-based alliances, distribution-based alliances or production based alliances (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992). Lastly companies can enter foreign market through be through mergers and acquisitions. Even though international companies have always made acquisitions of foreign markets, the need to gain access to foreign markets quickly has made firms to enter into some type of association and this has made the market acquisition route fast and attractive. This market entry strategy has been aided through opening of many financial markets which has made the acquisition of openly traded companies much easier (Buckley and Casson, 1998). A major advantage of mergers and acquisitions is that they position a firm in a new venture within a short period of time. 2 PESTLE and SWOT AnalysisPESTLE is stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors which should be considered by any company when planning to engage in international marketing. PESTLE analysis more or less implies an audit of an organisation's environmental influences with the aim of using such information to in sound d ecision-making. Organizations assume that, if they are able to audit their current environment and measure potential changes, they will be better placed than their competitor companies when it comes to responding to changes (Havas, 2012). PESTLE analysis helps in understanding the environment in which a company is operating. PESTLE analysis helps in understanding the risks related with market growth or decline and the position, direction and potential for growth of a given business or company. A PESTLE analysis is often used in finding out changes happening outside the company which may have effects on whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s happening within the organisation. One of the key research factors in PESTEL analysis is looking at the political aspect of the given potential market. This shows what is happening politically in the environment in which a company is planning to operate, and include areas like tax policy, environmental regulations, employment laws, trade restrictions and political s tability.Economic aspect in PESTEL involves looking into the state and nature of the economy in the foreign market such looking at economic growth and decline trends, interest rates, inflation rate, foreign exchange rate, minimum wage, level of unemployment and standards of living in the foreign environment. On the other hand, sociological aspect of PESTEL involves looking at cultural norms and people expectations, career attitudes, health care consciousness, population growth rate and emphasis on safety in the foreign market environment. Whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s happening technology-wise can affect companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s performance in any market through affecting sell of products or services, new technologies are every now and then being developed and most of them help in marketing and generating more profits (Havas, 2012). In addition to PESTEL analysis a company can as well decide to do SWOT analysis before engaging in the foreign market. SWOT analysis helps in shedding some light into t he marketing environment since there are barriers to entry into given markets and changes to financial decisions like outsourcing and in sourcing. This can be done by means of a SWOT analysis which stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis helps in identification of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strengths and weaknesses in the foreign market, as well as identifying the opportunities and threats that exist in the market and macro-environment. Strengths may include things like specialized management skills, a well-trained workforce, adequate capital and weaknesses may include an obsolete product range and lack of capital (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2004; Jackson et al., 2003). 3 Key Marketing Principles 1 PricingPricing in the overseas market is determined by the type of products, some products have small circulation opportunity while other comprise long delivery chains and the later leads to raise in value due to distribution price. Manufacturers find ways to maint ain down the price and choose circulation through middlemen who comprise their own recognized sales strength as it is involves fewer monetary obligation (Craig and Douglus, 2005). Cost is also determined by the character and scope of the sell. If the quantity of clients is less as is in the case of large and costly machines, the producer may approach the client straight through his personal sales strength; so also if the clients are concentrated in a restricted geographical region. Nevertheless, for industrialized commodities where such products are large, producers may accept direct selling or promotion. Competition is an additional aspect which determines pricing of commodities and services. It is an intelligent strategy to learn the accessible channels of distribution, mainly those used in marketing competition. Channels plan is subjective to the competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ channels. Companies may desire to try to win similar outlets constituting th... Marketing Principles Essay - 2750 Words Marketing Principles (Essay Sample) Content: Marketing principles utilized by organizations before engaging in international MarketingBy:To:Date:ContentsTOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc387918425 \h 32.Findings PAGEREF _Toc387918426 \h 32.1.Market Entry Strategies PAGEREF _Toc387918427 \h 32.2.PESTLE and SWOT Analysis PAGEREF _Toc387918428 \h 52.3.Key Marketing Principles PAGEREF _Toc387918429 \h 72.3.1.Pricing PAGEREF _Toc387918430 \h 72.3.2.Market mix PAGEREF _Toc387918431 \h 72.3.3.Product planning and development PAGEREF _Toc387918432 \h 82.3.4.Market segmentation PAGEREF _Toc387918433 \h 92.4.UK clothing sector PAGEREF _Toc387918434 \h 102.5.Decision making PAGEREF _Toc387918435 \h 113.Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc387918436 \h 124.Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc387918437 \h 125.References PAGEREF _Toc387918438 \h 14 1 IntroductionMarketers focus on desires and wants of individuals, groups and societies. They focus on individual demand, market demand and the trend in society. Nowadays companies are es tablishing their businesses in the oversea markets. Mathur (2012) points out that international marketing involves a firm-level marketing practices across the border and aims at identifying market targets, entry mode strategies, marketing mix, and making the right decisions to compete well in global markets. Globalisation has progressed considerably in the past decade, due to recent communication advancement, improved transportation, few legal restrictions and political stability in many parts of the globe which have opened markets to international trade and finance. Various companies have been successful in global marketing such as Bosideng, which is a Chinese company which creates men's clothing and down wear. This report focuses on various market entry strategies, marketing principles and strategic decisions made by most companies which have been successful in international marketing like Bosideng. 2 Findings 1 Market Entry StrategiesOne of the market entry strategies employed by companies which want to engage in international marketing is exporting. Exporting to a foreign market is a strategy various organizations employ for some of their markets (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992). Since many countries produce enough goods to satisfy their local population, exporting enables a company to manufacture its products for several markets in various countries and to obtain economies of large scale production. Apart from direct exporting, a company can contact foreign markets via a domestically located intermediary and this is called indirect exporting. Licensing is another market entry strategy. Licensing may offer the foreign firm access to brands, trade secrets or patents linked with products manufactured (Young et al., 1989). Under licensing, a company gives the right to a patent to another organization for a fee or a royalty. When a company uses licensing as a market entry strategy, it can gain market presence without any equity investment. As a result the foreig n company gains the right to exploit the patent in either a restricted or an unrestricted way (Buckley and Casson, 1998).On the other hand, franchising is another foreign market entry strategy. It is a special form of licensing in that the franchiser makes the whole marketing program available to the company given the patent including the brand name, products, logo and method of operations (Jain, 1989). Generally a franchise agreement is more inclusive than a normal licensing agreement in as much as the whole operation of the franchisee is given. It differs from licensing mainly in the depth and range of quality controls used on all phases of the franchisee`s operations. Other foreign market entry strategies include ownership methods such either ownership in a joint venture or in a strategic alliance. In a joint venture, an investing firm owns a given percentage of the foreign organization, allowing the investing organization to have a say in the management decisions of the foreign firm (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992). Participation of the shareholders in the venture may differ and some companies may allow either a minority or majority position of partners. Usually, international companies prefer wholly owned subsidiaries to avoid control by shareholders. Once a joint venture partner becomes part of the operation, the international organization can no longer function on its own, and this sometimes may lead to ineffectiveness and wrangles over responsibility for the joint venture.In a strategic alliance, two entire firms pool their resources together in a cooperation that goes beyond the restrictions of a joint venture. Characteristically, alliances involve a distribution access, production technology or technology transfers with each partner bringing in a different element to the business enterprise. Alliances can either be technology-based alliances, distribution-based alliances or production based alliances (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992). Lastly companies can enter foreign market through be through mergers and acquisitions. Even though international companies have always made acquisitions of foreign markets, the need to gain access to foreign markets quickly has made firms to enter into some type of association and this has made the market acquisition route fast and attractive. This market entry strategy has been aided through opening of many financial markets which has made the acquisition of openly traded companies much easier (Buckley and Casson, 1998). A major advantage of mergers and acquisitions is that they position a firm in a new venture within a short period of time. 2 PESTLE and SWOT AnalysisPESTLE is stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors which should be considered by any company when planning to engage in international marketing. PESTLE analysis more or less implies an audit of an organisation's environmental influences with the aim of using such information to in sound d ecision-making. Organizations assume that, if they are able to audit their current environment and measure potential changes, they will be better placed than their competitor companies when it comes to responding to changes (Havas, 2012). PESTLE analysis helps in understanding the environment in which a company is operating. PESTLE analysis helps in understanding the risks related with market growth or decline and the position, direction and potential for growth of a given business or company. A PESTLE analysis is often used in finding out changes happening outside the company which may have effects on whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s happening within the organisation. One of the key research factors in PESTEL analysis is looking at the political aspect of the given potential market. This shows what is happening politically in the environment in which a company is planning to operate, and include areas like tax policy, environmental regulations, employment laws, trade restrictions and political s tability.Economic aspect in PESTEL involves looking into the state and nature of the economy in the foreign market such looking at economic growth and decline trends, interest rates, inflation rate, foreign exchange rate, minimum wage, level of unemployment and standards of living in the foreign environment. On the other hand, sociological aspect of PESTEL involves looking at cultural norms and people expectations, career attitudes, health care consciousness, population growth rate and emphasis on safety in the foreign market environment. Whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s happening technology-wise can affect companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s performance in any market through affecting sell of products or services, new technologies are every now and then being developed and most of them help in marketing and generating more profits (Havas, 2012). In addition to PESTEL analysis a company can as well decide to do SWOT analysis before engaging in the foreign market. SWOT analysis helps in shedding some light into t he marketing environment since there are barriers to entry into given markets and changes to financial decisions like outsourcing and in sourcing. This can be done by means of a SWOT analysis which stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis helps in identification of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strengths and weaknesses in the foreign market, as well as identifying the opportunities and threats that exist in the market and macro-environment. Strengths may include things like specialized management skills, a well-trained workforce, adequate capital and weaknesses may include an obsolete product range and lack of capital (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2004; Jackson et al., 2003). 3 Key Marketing Principles 1 PricingPricing in the overseas market is determined by the type of products, some products have small circulation opportunity while other comprise long delivery chains and the later leads to raise in value due to distribution price. Manufacturers find ways to maint ain down the price and choose circulation through middlemen who comprise their own recognized sales strength as it is involves fewer monetary obligation (Craig and Douglus, 2005). Cost is also determined by the character and scope of the sell. If the quantity of clients is less as is in the case of large and costly machines, the producer may approach the client straight through his personal sales strength; so also if the clients are concentrated in a restricted geographical region. Nevertheless, for industrialized commodities where such products are large, producers may accept direct selling or promotion. Competition is an additional aspect which determines pricing of commodities and services. It is an intelligent strategy to learn the accessible channels of distribution, mainly those used in marketing competition. Channels plan is subjective to the competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ channels. Companies may desire to try to win similar outlets constituting th...

Math observation report Free Essay Example, 1000 words

A Report on Special Education Teacher Support Services: Observations Made on Learning Differences between SETTS and Regular Methods of Delivery in Mathematics Name: Abdullah Almulla Institution: Adelphi University Course: Math, Science & Technology for Special Education PART A (I) A. Name of School: Nellie K. Parker School Phone Number: 201 646 8020 Address: 261 Maple Hill Drive Hackensack, NJ07601 B. Grade level: Second grade; taught by Ms Hughes; Number of students: 4; males: 3, females: 1 Third grade; taught by Mr. H. Jacob; Number of students: 5; males: 1, females: 4 Fourth grade; taught by Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Math observation report or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Nonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication

The instance when two people look at each other’s eyes at the same time is a communication event that I find particularly mysterious. My fascination lies in that different messages can be communicated through the eyes alone. Whether we are talking about direct or indirect gaze, duration, direction or expression, the moment of eye contact between two people can serve to make a great connection or a disastrous one. This is of particular importance to me personally because I have tend to have an empathetic interest in people I meet and find that this form of non-verbal communication can add an additional facet to understanding them. Beyond being mysterious, I also feel that the more that is known about this form of nonverbal communication, the more effective you can be in life. This is also an area that I would like to better understand due to the fact that my personal strengths lie in the area of non-verbal communication, and I think it would be helpful in my professional life. However, in order to attempt to understand how people communicate through eye contact, it is imperative to have a good understanding of the communication theory that goes along with this non-verbal communication event. While there are those rare occurrences of meeting a strangers eye when you pass in a crowd, most of the time the transmission and reception of meaning between communicators without the use of words happens during a one on one or small group interaction. There are many factors that can beShow MoreRelatedNonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication1682 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Non-verbal communication is especially significant in intercultural situations† (Businesscom, 2015). In a business setting duties performed are the main reasons for an employees success, though studies and reports show that nonverbal communications can hinder or excel an employees relationships. Ultimately, nonverbal communications can benefit a business. With the communication of nonverbal there are many forms that help to read body language and true feelings including: adapters, a body movementRead MoreNonverbal Communication : Non Verbal Communication890 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Revie w According to some psychologists, non-verbal communication varies based on a person’s cultural background, more so in the individualism-collectivism dimension. Additionally, studies have indicated that intercultural diversities in how verbal communications are observed can be traced to differences in facial signs that individuals from West and East look for when detecting emotions (Serlin, Berger Bar-Sinai, 2007). Therefore, people from distinctive cultures are expected to beRead MoreNonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication Essay1832 Words   |  8 Pagesis for people to pay attention to nonverbal behavior, rather than only what is verbally communicated. Nonverbal communication has the ability to deliver information more effectively than verbal communication. Interpersonal communication is more effective when a conversation is complimented with non-verbal communication (Bello, et al, 2010). Nonverbal communication is not limited to any environment or surroundings because we are always communicating through nonverbal cues consciously and subconsciouslyRead MoreNonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication866 Words   |  4 PagesNon-verbal communication consists mainly of the things people do with their body language. There are times where words are expressed and non-verbal communication could help emphasize the message. A few examples of nonverbal communication are hand gestures eye contact, facial expressions as well as tone and volume. I was given this assignment to observe a situation and take note of the nonverbal communication that occurred. I also had to observe whether the non-verbals were able to execute the messageRead MoreNon Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication744 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the areas studied in psychology is the use of Non-Verbal Communication (NVC). According to the Collins dictionary, this is defined as ‘those aspects of communication, such as gestures and facial expressions, that do not involve communication, but which may include non-verbal aspects of speech itself (accent, tone of voice, speed of speaking, etc)’. Used daily by humans and animals (Darwin 1972), NVC has a strong link to innate factors, and messages are sent unconsciously to the listener. ThroughRead MoreNon Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication1851 Words   |  8 PagesThis section was a little difficult as non-Verbal communication through a phone call is not the same compared too if you were talking to them in person. What I noticed first as an example of Andy’s non verbal was the frustration he seemed to have. When he had a sigh about my eating habits to his. This non verbal communication has an impact in our relationship because it shows me his frustration because we both know he wants to change. He is fine where he is at but he dosen’t want to stay like thatRead MoreThe Importance Of Verbal And Non Verbal Communication1689 Words   |  7 Pagesit can even d etermine the success of trade cooperation. Verbal communication is an essential and considerable part of the business negotiation; it is believe as the most crucial and direct means of communication. However, non-verbal communication, such as paralanguage, proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, oculesics, colorics and olfactics, can transfer information and emotion far more efficiency and actually. The study of nonverbal communication is very important, especially in cross-cultural backgroundRead MoreThe Effects Of Modern Mass Culture On Modern Society1304 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertising is one of the most common types of social communication and an integral element of modern mass culture. It was the product of the development of market-oriented economic culture production methods, gradually, as the development of information technology in the process of historical evolution, becoming one of the most important social institutions of modern society. The study of nonverbal communication was engaged by scholars such as A. Pease, E. Hall, R. Berdvistell, G. Wilson, M. L.Read MoreThe Role Of Non Verbal Communication On Intercultural Communication1411 Words   |  6 Pagescultural organisation,the intercultural communication has become more ligual and more significant than ever before (Wang, 2007). As an international language, English has played an prominent role in making the communication easy between two people with different cultural backgrounds. As a result, the EFL education has concluded the communicative sufficiency as one of the important goals of English as Foreign Language teaching. It seems that intercultural communication will be a successful, as long as theRead MoreThe Principles of Communication1557 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is an ever-developing topic in which human beings can express their feelings and emotions on a daily basis whether they were positive or negative in the most suitable way. According to Preja (2013) the term â€Å"Communication† can be traced back to the Latin word â€Å"Communis† which stands for â€Å"to be connected to† or â€Å"to be in a relationship with†. Communication can be classified to two types, verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication focuses mainly on vocals while non-verbal communication Nonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication consists mainly of the things people do with their body language. There are times where words are expressed and non-verbal communication could help emphasize the message. A few examples of nonverbal communication are hand gestures eye contact, facial expressions as well as tone and volume. I was given this assignment to observe a situation and take note of the nonverbal communication that occurred. I also had to observe whether the non-verbals were able to execute the message and if the behavior was acceptable. I went to Sprouts, a grocery store, Saturday, August 28th at approximately 6:40 p.m. As I walked into the grocery store I noticed that it was not very crowded, but the vibe seemed to be very uptight and sort of stressful. The customers looked tired and they just wanted to get a few items and leave the store as quickly as possible. Other times, the pace is a lot slower and the people are more willing to socialize. I walked through the isles a few times, until I saw a father and son. My first assumption based on the dad’s outer appearance was that he is strict and protective. The dad had a serious face and his son was inside the shopping cart. The dad must be around thirty- five years old. The son spoke clearly, so I assume he is about four years old. The dad had his back to the shopping cart because he was scooping chocolate covered fruit into a plastic zip lock bag from the bulk food area. I look at the child and he is standing up at theShow MoreRelatedNonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication1682 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Non-verbal communication is especially significant in intercultural situations† (Businesscom, 2015). In a business setting duties performed are the main reasons for an employees success, though studies and reports show that nonverbal communications can hinder or excel an employees relationships. Ultimately, nonverbal communications can benefit a business. With the communication of nonverbal there are many forms that help to read body language and true feelings including: adapters, a body movementRead MoreNonverbal Communication : Non Verbal Communication890 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review According to some psychologists, non-verbal communication varies based on a person’s cultural background, more so in the individualism-collectivism dimension. Additionally, studies have indicated that intercultural diversities in how verbal communications are observed can be traced to differences in facial signs that individuals from West and East look for when detecting emotions (Serlin, Berger Bar-Sinai, 2007). Therefore, people from distinctive cultures are expected to beRead MoreNonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication Essay1832 Words   |  8 Pagesis for people to pay attention to nonverbal behavior, rather than only what is verbally communicated. Nonverbal communication has the ability to deliver information more effectively than verbal communication. Interpersonal communication is more effective when a conversation is complimented with non-verbal communication (Bello, et al, 2010). Nonverbal communication is not limited to any environment or surroundings because we are always communicating through nonverbal cues consciously and subconsciouslyRead MoreNonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication1127 Words   |  5 Pagestime is a communication event that I find particularly mysterious. My fascination lies in that different messages can be communicated through the eyes alone. Whether we are talking about direct or indirect gaze, duration, direction or expression, the moment of eye contact between two people can serve to make a great connection or a disastrous one. This is of particular importance to me personally because I have tend to have an empathetic interest in people I meet and find that this form of non-verbalRead MoreNon Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication744 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the areas studied in psychology is the use of Non-Verbal Communication (NVC). According to the Collins dictionary, this is defined as ‘those aspects of communication, such as gestures and facial expressions, that do not involve communication, but which may include non-verbal aspects of speech itself (accent, tone of voice, speed of speaking, etc)’. Used daily by humans and animals (Darwin 1972), NVC has a strong link to innate factors, and messages are sent unconsciously to the listener. ThroughRead MoreNon Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication1851 Words   |  8 PagesThis section was a little difficult as non-Verbal communication through a phone call is not the same compared too if you were talking to them in person. What I noticed first as an example of Andy’s non verbal was the frustration he seemed to have. When he had a sigh about my eating habits to his. This non verbal communication has an impact in our relationship because it shows me his frustration because we both know he wants to change. He is fine where he is at but he dosen’t want to stay like thatRead MoreThe Importance Of Verbal And Non Verbal Communication1689 Words   |  7 Pagesit can even determine the success of trade cooperation. Verbal communication is an essential and considerable part of the business negotiation; it is believe as the most crucial and direct means of communication. However, non-verbal communication, such as paralanguage, proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, oculesics, colorics and olfactics, can transfer information and emotion far more efficiency and actually. The study of nonverbal communication is very important, especially in cross-cultural backgroundRead MoreThe Effects Of Modern Mass Culture On Modern Society1304 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertising is one of the most common types of social communication and an integral element of modern mass culture. It was the product of the development of market-oriented economic culture production methods, gradually, as the development of information technology in the process of historical evolution, becoming one of the most important social institutions of modern society. The study of nonverbal communication was engaged by scholars such as A. Pease, E. Hall, R. Berdvistell, G. Wilson, M. L.Read MoreThe Role Of Non Verbal Communication On Intercultural Communication1411 Words   |  6 Pagescultural organisation,the intercultural communication has become more ligual and more significant than ever before (Wang, 2007). As an international language, English has played an prominent role in making the communication easy between two people with different cultural backgrounds. As a result, the EFL education has concluded the communicative sufficiency as one of the important goals of English as Foreign Language teaching. It seems that intercultural communication will be a successful, as long as theRead MoreThe Principles of Communication1557 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is an ever-developing topic in which human beings can express their feelings and emotions on a daily basis whether they were positive or negative in the most suitable way. According to Preja (2013) the term â€Å"Communication† can be traced back to the Latin word â€Å"Communis† which stands for â€Å"to be connected to† or â€Å"to be in a relationship with†. Communication can be classified to two types, verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication focuses mainly on vocals while non-verbal communication

Intel Case Study Essays - 625 Words

Case Study Intel’s â€Å"rebates† and Other Ways It â€Å"Helped† Customers In your judgment is Intel a â€Å"monopoly†? Did Intel use monopoly-like power, in other words, did Intel achieve its objectives by relying on power that it had due to its control of a large portion of the market? Explain your answers. In my judgment Intel did react like a monopoly. Pure monopoly exists when a single firm is the sole producer of a product for which there are no close substitutes. The characteristics of a monopoly are a single seller, unique product no substitutions, the firm is the price maker and entry and exits are blocked. In this case study there were several evidence that Intel attempted to create a monopoly. First, Intel developed and patented a new†¦show more content†¦In your view, did Intel violate either of the two key sections of the Sherman Antitrust Act? The Sherman Antitrust Act is a competition law passed by Congress in 1890. It prohibits certain business activities that reduce competition in the marketplace, and requires the United States federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. Section 1 states contract, combination or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or foreign nations is hereby declared illegal. Intel did not break Section 1 of the Sherman Act because the company did not prohibit competing companies from making agreements to fix prices, to divide up territories or customers, or to restrict the quantity of goods they bring to the market. Section 2 of the Sherman Act states every person who shall monopolize or attempt to monopolize or combine or conspi re with any other person or persons to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony. Intel did violate Section2 of the Sherman Act, Intel employed payments for exclusivity, rebates, and other support conditional on the recipient restricting its business with AMD, as well as threats ofShow MoreRelatedIntel Case Study Of Intel1280 Words   |  6 PagesIntel Case Study In the case study of Intel, as noted by Palmer, Dunford, Akin, C. R. Barrett, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Intel was half-way through a six-year tenure. As CEO, Barrett implemented a number of changes to the organization and experienced many unforeseen environmental pressures. Barrett wanted to make a lasting impact upon the organization, as his/her processors had done, and worked hard to keep the company competitive and profitable during a time when technology companies wereRead MoreIntel (Case Study)1409 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Value Network †¢ Value Proposition V- Recommendations. Intel Corporation 1. Introduction Intel, the world leader in silicon innovation, develops technologies, products, and initiatives to continually advance how people work and live. Founded in 1968 to build semiconductor memory products, Intel introduced the worlds first microprocessor in 1971. 2. Current Situation Mission Statement Intel’s mission is to delightRead MoreIntel Case Study956 Words   |  4 PagesIntel Case DRAM industry analysis - lessons learned By the early 1980, Intel’s total share in DRAM was barely 1% and manufacturing was restricted to one fab out of Intel’s eight fab, where the Japanese semiconductor companies had captured nearly half of the world memory market. 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Sex Education And Sexual Education - 884 Words

â€Å"After a while, sex became a reality. It’s a lot harder to abstain when you’re actually in the moment, faced with that decision† (Stevens). Individuals encounter the reality of coming face to face with the temptations of intercourse; over time it becomes harder to sustain from joining the system. Students devour lust, but do not know how to control themselves and sex education provides substantial advice. With this in mind, sex education provides preparedness, answers questions, and creates awareness. To begin with, sex education creates the state of readiness. One way it proves this is with preventing pregnancies. The article â€Å"Effective Sex Education† by Brigid McKeon states, â€Å"Though the teen birth rate has declined to its lowest levels since data collection began, the United States still has the highest teen birth rate.† The above quote presents that other countries are more efficient in providing sex education than the United States. Moreover, sex education can provide knowledge which can prevent sexually transmitted diseases. The article â€Å"Sex Education and STDS: Why the Message Matters† by Sandra Smith states â€Å" high-quality sex education curricula that have been shown to be effective in†¦ reducing the number of STDs in youth are those that not only discuss the dangers of high-risk sexual activity, but also address multiple factors affecting sexual behavior, such as perceived risk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sex education reduces the risk in tee nagers of being affected with a sexually transmittedShow MoreRelatedSex Education And Sexual Education1253 Words   |  6 Pagesteach sexual education classes, or teach abstinence education classes? Pregnancy rates in America are slowly decreasing, but are still extremely high. According to K. F. Stanger-Hall (2011), Pregnancy rates in America are more than double the rates of other countries with 72.2% per 1000 girls between the ages of 15-19 becoming pregnant. The best way to lower teen pregnancy is to teach about prevention in schools with sex education or abstinence classes. Teenagers need to learn about sex so thatRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education991 Words   |  4 PagesCountless avenues shape our knowledge of sex; whether its teachers, parents, media, or other sources. At some point most individuals receive an account of sex education. These lessons, connections, and knowledge we acquire impact our ideas about sex. The subject of my interview, whom we’l l refer to as Jessica, was no exception. Jessica is a 21-year-old, who grew up in a small, conservative North Carolina town. The public schools she attended taught sex education from an abstinence perspective and usedRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Education1762 Words   |  8 Pagesimportance of sexual education and describe differences and similarities in some of the research done on this topic. Having sexual education available to youth is the key in reducing the number of unwanted situations in the sexual health of the individuals. Teaching adolescents about sex is beneficial because they become aware of consequence that might follow specific actions. This is a chance to ensure adolescents take safer routes when deciding to become sexually active. Youth sexual education has beenRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesalways affected the essence and teaching of sex education in the United States in different ways. Various sexual education methods exits, however comprehensive and abstinence-only programs are the most commonly know in public schools. Although many schools in the United States prefer to give an abstinence-only lecture, the results shown proof that these programs are ineffective because it simply does not fit the reality we live in, comprehensive sex education works better, and they do not offer honestRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Education1358 Words   |  6 PagesDo Not Have Sex, You Will Get Pregnant Die (Mean Girls) What if a rapist was coming at someone? Do kids know what to do besides lie on the ground and cry? What if a teenager had an unplanned pregnancy? Do they know their options about abortion or adoption or keeping the baby? Will young adults know the results of their choices? Sexual education teaches all of the following, and kids in the curriculum are more likely to defend themselves in a plot when they were approached by a stranger (â€Å"TeachingRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education1632 Words   |  7 Pagessystems in the United states have been implementing sexual education into classrooms. Arguments are abundant when dealing with such fragile situations and there are many advantages and disadvantages of sexual education being taught in the public schools. It seems that most parents are either strongly for or against sex education classes, but there are a few parents that are on both sides. In fact, there are more parents that support sex education classes. However, there ar e pros and cons that mustRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education1365 Words   |  6 PagesSex education is and always has been lacking in our country. An increase in sexual education would be greatly appreciated from almost everybody, especially with how high the sexually transmitted disease rate has raised in the past twenty years. Sex education can be used to teach young people how to have safe sex and show them the scary truths of sex that they are never taught otherwise. To lower STD rates and raise pregnancy awareness in younger people, schools and parents should be teaching childrenRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education948 Words   |  4 Pagescomprehensive sex education taught in schools. One the other hand, the opponents believe that the reason for this decline is the sex education classes that teach about not having sex. Even when most schools are teaching abstinences only sex education about sixty-six percent of high school students says they are sexually active . Which concludes that the abstinences only sex education is not working and is not the proper way of teaching sex education in schools. Not teaching proper sex education may resultRead MoreSex Education And Comprehensive Sexual Education1609 Words   |  7 PagesLet s talk about sex. Stances on comprehensive sexual education vary, whether it be from religious beliefs or past experiences, different views are held throughout. It is in the interests of society in general... for every secondary school pupil to be in receipt of sexual education† (Cumper 16). The phrase ‘it’s better to be safe than sorry’ applies heavily on the topic of sex education, the idea of a pregnant and STD ridden 15 year old tends to frighten a million times more than the thought ofRead MoreSex Education : Comprehensive Sexual Education972 Words   |  4 PagesSex Education Comprehensive sexual education has long been a contentious issue within the United States of America. Owing largely to America’s history and culture, sexual education has long been stigmatized as unnecessary involvement in the private life, or even misattributed to rising rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. A U.S. review article, however, poses the opposite argument – â€Å"The overwhelming weight of evidence reveals that sex education which discusses contraception

Advanced Taxation Income Tax Assessment Act

Question: Discuss about theAdvanced Taxationfor Income Tax Assessment Act. Answer: Introduction According to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, TR2012/D1 income from the trust estate is distributable to the beneficiaries as per the clauses mention in the trust deed. As contained under section 53A, income generated from the trust estate is computed according to the terms and conditions of the trust deed. Such distributable income is taxable in the hands of beneficiaries at the rate specified under the provision of Australian Taxation System (Hoynes, Miller and Simon 2015). As per TD 2001/26 if a beneficiary of the trust estate has interest in the value of assets and the income for the allocation of the assets then the beneficiaries can renounce their interest in the trust. As per section 98(3) and 98(4), income from trust estate is liable for taxation in the books of trustee with respect to the share of income on part of its beneficiaries (O'Connor 2016). In the given case, Bruce the sole executor of Pams estate that was created under a testamentary trust managed business tax loss amounted to $20,000 during the year 31 August 2014. On the contrary, the testamentary trust incurred profit during the year ending 30 June 2015 amounted to $200,000 whereas the taxable income during the same period is $180,000. Considering the terms and conditions of the trust, Bruce allocated the trust income earned to the beneficiaries during the year 2015 on the basis of allocated percentage (Doidge and Dyck 2015). Bruce distributed the amount $40,000 to one of the beneficiaries Ronda whereas 50% of the balance i.e. 50% ($200,000- $40,000) = $80,000 to Rani as well as $80,000 to himself as 50% of the balance income. Further, Bruce distributed 20% of the income to the beneficiaries from the sale of premises since the balance income was meant for further investment. However, the income from the sale of premises was distributed to Gina as per the clause of c apital distribution on 18 July 2015, which was recorded on 29 August 2015 (Harrison 2015). According to the Australian Taxation System rules of section 102- 25 is applicable to the income arising from the capital asset of the discretionary trusts. As per the data provided for the BCL Ltd income from the capital assets are taxable in the books of the company as distributed to the beneficiaries (Chua and Bedford 2015). Given that, the selling value of the premises is $2,400,000 whereas the cost of the premises is 800,000, which was acquired on 23 October 1999. Therefore, income on sale of premises amounted to ($2,400,000- $800,000) = 1,600,000 that is taxable as per the taxation rules. As per the taxation ruling of ITAA97 tax on the income $1600,000 at the rate of 45% amounted to $720,000. Since, Bruce distributed the part of income to one of the beneficiaries at 20% and the rest of the amount is used for investment purpose therefore the taxability of $720,000 is subjected to the discounting method at 50%. However, the business loss amounted to $190,000 incurred during the y ear 2012-13 would be carried forward to till the year 2015. During the financial year 2015, loss of amount $190,000 can be set off with the income earned during the year amounted to $200,000 which will minimize the tax liability of the assessee (Neuman, Omer and Thompson 2015). Income distributed to Ronda $40,000 is entitled to tax liability during the year 2015 at the rate specified in the taxation system of Australia. As per the taxation rules, distribution of income from the trust estate is taxable in the hands of trust distributor at the rate of 45%. Hence, the income of $40,000 is taxable in the books of Bruce at the specified rate. Similarly, income distributed to Rani amounted to $80,000 is taxable in the books of Bruce during the year 2015. However, income with respect to capital distribution amounted to 20% of would be taxable during the financial year 2016 because the amount has been allocated to the beneficiaries after the end of financial year 2015 (Kousky and Shabman 2015). Considering the consequences of taxation of income from trust, Bruce is required to pay taxes on the income from trust as well as income from capital assets during the year 2015. However, the taxability of the income is subjected to the deduction of discounting method with respect to the capital income. On the other hand, current income from the trust will be taxable by deducting the amount of total loss of $170,000 incurred during the year 2013 since it was incurred from the business operation of the assessee (Doidge and Dyck 2015). Part A In the given situation, Lawrence Dixon and Sonya Dixon formed a family trust whose trustee was the accountant of the family Mac Bury. The trust was created as a discretionary while the beneficiaries of the trust were the creators children. It has been provided that the trust acquired a rental property and securities in two listed companies. During the year 2015, total receipt of the trust amounted to $26,000 whereas the expenses amounted to $26,000 along with the depreciation charges of $3,000 as per section 40- 25 ITAA97 (Tucker 2015). Further, amount of $8,000 as an interest expense was in terms of the securities of AMP Ltd for acquisition of shares. In case of discretionary trust, beneficiaries are not entitled to have fixed interest income in the funds of the trust. Under the category of discretionary trust beneficiaries are eligible to determine the income as capital or revenue as well as the percentage at which the income is to be received. For the purpose of establishment of the trust, there must be four important roles in the form of creator, trustee, appointor and beneficiaries. Trustee is considered to be the legal owner of who maintains all the transactions having the authority to sign the documents and other relevant applications for approval (Feuer 2016). On the other hand, beneficiaries of the trust are the individuals for whose advantages of the trust property is acquired. However, it is important that the beneficiaries should not acquire any substantial interest in the trust assets but they can have the right to access the share income from the securities of the trust. Discretionary trust is formed to utilize the be nefit of tax liability, asset protection, estate planning and holdings of land with respect to the investments, real estates and sources of fixed assets. As per the TR in ITAA97, assessees are eligible to claim exemption of 50% from the capital gain taxation provided the beneficiaries are individuals and not business organizations (Feisee and Randall 2015). Accordingly, in the present situation discretionary trust has been formed which earned total income of $26,000 while the expense were also $26,000. As per TD 2001/26, income from the assets and securities earned by trust is taxable even if such income is distributed to the beneficiaries. Therefore, income earned as dividend from the shares of AMP Ltd, CBA Ltd amounted to $12,000, and $8,000 respectively shall be taxable in the books of the trust created by Dixon. Further, deduction on the interest expenses is available to the trust amounted to $8,000 as well as the depreciation charges amounted to $3,000. However, beneficiaries are exempted from the tax liability on the since the beneficiaries are individuals and have no substantial interest in the assets of the trust (Tool, Williamson and Whittenburg 2015). On the contrary, expenses on rent for the property amounted to $18,000 are entitled for deduction from the income earned during the current taxation year. Part B The present case highlights the consequences of tax losses earned by the discretionary trust as well as from the business employing two part time workers. Owner of the business organizations are Ken and Barb acquiring equal holding of shares whereas the trustee of the trust is KB Pty Limited. However, the beneficiaries of the trust were the owners, their children along with other relatives. As per the terms and conditions of the trust, taxable distribution of income to the beneficiaries were at 28% to Ken, 56% to Barb and the balance to the other relative during the year 2010-11. As per the taxation ruling under ITAA 97, loss on business from the trust is measured according to the loss determined under the capital gains. As per ITAA 97, section 36-10 loss on business income is computed by deducting the loss incurred by the trust and the balance income is taxable at the specified rate (Crawford 2016). Therefore, the income of the trust during the year 2010-11 amounted to $170,000 woul d be taxable in the books of trustee KB Limited at 45%. However, the deduction of 50% cannot be claimed since, the trustee of the discretionary trust is a company and not individual. Further, the income of trust during the financial year 2011-12 amounted 120,000 would have the same implication as the income taxed during 2010-11. Since the trustee did not make election as per section 272-80(1) in schedule 2F of ITAA 1936, therefore the income of the trust distributed to beneficiaries would be taxable in the hands of the trustee. Moreover, the tax loss amounted to $26,000 during the year 2012-13 whereas the amount of loss $34,000 during the year 2013-14 would be carry forward to the next succeeding year for set off from the income $80,000. Elections from family trust as per section 272-80 of schedule 2F, ITAA 1936 impose the trustee to deduct the tax losses incurred in the previous years as well as deduction of certain expenses and debts. As per the taxation ruling ITAA 97, income from the trust distributable to the beneficiaries is taxable in the hands of trustee as per the distribution proportion. On the contrary, loss incurred from the business is eligible for deduction from the income in the subsequent years. Therefore, in the present case if the trustee made an election under section 272- 80(1) in schedule 2F, ITAA 1936 then the income is taxable in the hands of the trustee based on the distribution proportion (Ward 2016). During the year 2010-11 income $170,000 would be taxable in the hands of KB Ltd at the rate of (28%+ 56%) = 84% whereas 61% of total income $120,000 during the year 2011-12. However, the business loss incurred during the year 2012-13 and 2013-14 amounted to $26,000 and $34,000 respectively shall be allowed for deduction in the next year 2014-15 from the total income $80,000. Whereas the balance income i.e. $20,000 ($80,000- $26,000+ $34,000) shall be taxable in the hands of trustee in proportion to the 54% since Ken and Barb are equal shareholders of the trustee company. Reference List Chua, H.S. and Bedford, O., 2015. A qualitative exploration of fear of failure and entrepreneurial intent in Singapore.Journal of Career Development, p.0894845315599255. Crawford, B.J., 2016. Valuation, Values, Norms: Proposals for Estate and Gift Tax Reform.Boston College Law Review,57. Doidge, C. and Dyck, A., 2015. Taxes and corporate policies: Evidence from a quasi natural experiment.The Journal of Finance,70(1), pp.45-89. Feisee, R.A. and Randall, R.L., 2015. Counseling Clients on Their IRA Beneficiary Designation Options: The Impact of the Recent US Supreme Court Case, Clark v. Rameker.Journal of Financial Service Professionals,69(1), pp.57-62. Feuer, A., 2016. Life Insurance and Retirement Plan Benefits: Are Your Clients Achieving Their Intended Goals?.NYSBA J,28. Harrison, L., 2015. Property investment through discretionary trusts.Taxation in Australia,50(2), p.84. Hoynes, H., Miller, D. and Simon, D., 2015. Income, the earned income tax credit, and infant health.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,7(1), pp.172-211. Kousky, C. and Shabman, L., 2015. Understanding Flood Risk Decisionmaking: Implications for Flood Risk Communication Program Design.Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, pp.15-01. Neuman, S.S., Omer, T.C. and Thompson, A.M., 2015. Determinants and Consequences of Tax Service Provider Choice in the Not?for?Profit Sector.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(2), pp.703-735. O'Connor, D., 2016. Trusts: Practical solutions for real-life problems.Taxation in Australia,50(7), p.392. Tool, H.R., Williamson, J.E. and Whittenburg, G.E., 2015. Impact of Recent Tax Legislation on Small Business.Journal of Small Business Strategy,8(2), pp.79-91. Tucker, J., 2015. Tax files: Interpreting the land tax act.Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia),37(2), p.28. Ward, M., 2016. IRA Transfers from Estate or Trust.Journal of Financial Service Professionals,70(2), pp.38-41.

Critical Realism and News Production

Question: Discuss about the Critical Realism and News Production. Answer: Introduction: Worldwide news is defined as a collection of events, which is reported in a systematic manner and needs a medium through which it is available to the masses. It can reach the public by different means. Media and journalism are main transmission forms, which has a big role in shaping the information transfer. Interest, proximity, prominence, timeliness and consequence are some of the basic features of news (Gans, 1999, p. 236). The primary goal of News is to inform and educate public providing information of the immediate surrounding or global events. The war that is taking place in Somalia and the attacks on African American in the United States are some of the examples of the news. When an event is about to happen or will never take according to human expectations then the reporting of these news are found to be entertaining amongst the masses. These news have very less chance of happening and mainly the optimistic masses are welcoming about that news (Fishman, 1999, p. 110). These news instigate the emotions in humans and are the talk of the town for sometime as they are mainly surprised by the fact. The accidental death of Bhumibol Adulyadej, the king of Thailand, the successful surgery of conjoined twins or the Malaysian airline that went missing are some of the example of this category. These type of news bring out the emotional side of humans if by any chance they are connected to these kind of news. The accidental death of the king of Thailand on October 13, 2016 caused a stir worldwide and had a huge impact on the people of Thailand (Barker, 2016, p.1). Prominence also plays a major part in making of the news and media worldwide cover many prominent people or events. This type of news covers mostly prominent personalities in terms of wealth or fame, during a movie release, or on album release (Cohen and Young, 1981, p. 147). For instance, Bill Gates is a world famous personality because of his Microsoft business, which has contributed to technological advancements globally. Wherever he goes, media always have something or the other to take note of his movements. The president of the US also receives huge media attention and receives huge coverage all around the world. This kind of news receives partial attention because they have a positive impact on the society and people have interests in them (Lau, 2004, p. 701). Proximity is defined as those kind of news which informs the people about the things that are trending in the community. This news constantly updates the listeners about the local issues that are taking place around their surroundings. (Donald, 2004, p. 450). The local news reports about the day-to-day affairs that are taking place in a particular state or a country and are so powerful that they can make or break governments in a course of time. For example, a series of criminal events may lead to the transfer of the head of police or deploying more officers in the community for the greater benefit in the future. This news defines the quality of life in which a community survives and the news of the local community helps in maintaining peace or as an evidence if there is some case going on in the court about someone. If any news channels reports about anything good that is happening in a neighboring community, then all the other communities can start that same practice, live together in harmony, and be successful. (Pavlik, 2000, p. 235). Timeliness is one of the characteristics of news reporting. Whenever there is a change in any existing law or practice, the media covers it and the person gets first hand information of these (Karmen, 2005, p. 160). Reporting of such events amounts to news as these events happen rarely and when they do they become the most talked about event in the society as they create an impact on the society. An example of such news is the change in the tax slabs or the increase in the percentage of taxes that has to be paid by an individual. These changes affects people who are accustomed to the daily routine and it takes time to settle in as they do not happen frequently. The time when the event is reported defines it as news because it is frequently reported over a period and the news becomes more of information to the masses. (Livingstone, 2003, p. 340). Inattention and poor judgment by an individual are some of the common errors that happen regarding the news. Reporters also report wrong news, which leads to catastrophical outcomes amongst the masses, environment or the ecosystem. An example of such mistake was the news about the British Petroleum pipes that broke in the ocean resulting in spilling of oil. The news was falsified and spoke about the failure of staff in Kenya Airways, which was running on loss for quite a few years. This resulted in delay of flights and affected people around the world (Onjoro, 2016, p. 1). A report about the changes that are taking place in a particular system is also worthy of news. These changes maybe normal proceedings or technological advancements by introducing new systems (Simon, 2000, p. 435). For example, a change in the salaries of the workers in a company or acquiring new weapons by the army amounts to news. However, these news are only relevant to the parties that the news are concerned about. The interest of the reporter also defines news as the reporter is the first person to be present while the news is being made. So the value of the reporter is very much needed and respected (Simon, 2000, p. 23). The view of the editor is also very important while making news because the events have to be approved by the directors in order to make the news public. This may create true or false news, which can be reported to the public if the editor has no knowledge about the occurrence of the event (Aeron, 2000, p. 290). An editor plays an important role about the news that is being reported to the public. Secrecy is also maintained as much information is hidden from the public as it might create outrage. These types of news are of great importance as the nationalized security or world security facts may leak out to other countries (Federation of American Scientists, 2016, p. 1). In such typical situations, there is a conflict of interest and the dealings with the public are made open so that there is no confusion (Van Hout and Jacobs, 2008, p.70). The news that deals with factual evidences is known as hard news. Whenever this type of news happens, people get to know about it even if there is some other news that the channel is showing. This news has a limited time and is perished quickly when there is another hard news (Leigh, 2009, p. 1). They include event such as fatal accidents, natural disasters and even fire. The aim of the news needs to be fair, credible and to achieve a certain objective. Reference List Aeron, D., 2000a. Public relations, business news and the reproduction of corporate elite power. Journalism, 1, p. 282-304. Barker, A., 2016. The Life of Bhumibol Adulyadej: Thailand's revered king leaves a politically uncertain nation in his wake. [Online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-13/thailand-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dead-at-88/6800262 [Accessed 14 October 2016]. Cohen, S., and Young. J., 1981. The manufacture of news: social problems, deviance and the mass media. Ed. Galtung, J., and Ruge, M., 'Structuring and selecting news'. p. 142-168. Donald, M., 2004.Weblogs and the epistemology of the news: Some trends in online journalism. New Media Society, 6, p. 443-468. Federation of American Scientists, 2016. The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. [Online] Available at: https://www.icanw.org/the-facts/nuclear-arsenals/ [Accessed 14 October 2016]. Fishman, M., 1999. 'Manufacturing the news', p. 102-111. Gans, H., 1999. 'Deciding what's news' p. 235-248. Karmen, E., 2005. Hybrid public relations news discourse. European Journal of Communication, 20, p. 155-179. Lau, R. K., 2004. Critical realism and news production. Media Culture and Society, 26, p. 693-711. Leigh, V., 2009. How to write a News Story, [Online] Available at: https://www.embl.de/aboutus/communication_outreach/writing_news_story.pdf [Accessed 14 October 2016]. Livingstone, S., 2003. The changing nature of audiences: From the mass audience to the interactive media user. In A.N. Valdivia (ed.), A companion to Media Studies. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 337-359. Onjoro, V., 2016. Reasons for the Failure of Kenya Airways. [Online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/14825868/REASONS_FOR_THE_FAILURE_OF_KENYA_AIRWAYS [Accessed 14 October 2016]. Pavlik, J.V., 2000. Journalism and new media. Journalistic Studies, 1(2), p. 229-237. Simon, C., 2000a. New(s) times: Towards a second wave of news ethnography. Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research, 25, p. 19-41. Simon, C., 2000b. Rethinking news Access. Journalism Studies, 1, p. 427 - 448. Van Hout, T. and Jacobs, G., 2008. News Production Theory and Practice: Fieldwork Notes on Power, Interaction and Agency. Pragmatics, 18(1), p. 59-85.